Introduction Subdomain takeover is a critical security vulnerability that allows attackers to gain unauthorized control over a subdomain of a legitimate domain through misconfigured or abandoned DNS records. This vulnerability exploits the gap between DNS configuration and actual resource ownership, creating an entry point for sophisticated attacks that leverage the trust associated with legitimate domain names. Unlike traditional
Introduction SSH (Secure Shell) tunneling and port forwarding have become indispensable tools for system administrators, cybersecurity professionals, and developers worldwide. In an era where network security threats continuously evolve and data breaches occur with alarming frequency, the ability to create secure encrypted channels for data transmission has never been more critical. SSH tunneling transforms the ubiquitous SSH protocol from a simple remote
Introduction Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) has stood as the cornerstone of network device management since its introduction in the late 1980s, empowering administrators to monitor and control devices ranging from switches and routers to firewalls, servers, and the expanding realm of IoT infrastructure. SNMP’s efficiency, universal support, and lightweight design helped it become a global standard—enabling centralized visibility into network health and
Introduction NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) and SMB (Server Message Block) are fundamental protocols that form the backbone of modern Windows networking environments. These protocols enable critical network functions including file sharing, printer access, and inter-process communication across enterprise systems. However, their widespread deployment and legacy compatibility features have made them frequent targets for attackers seeking unauthorized network access. Understanding how these protocols work, their inherent
Introduction In contemporary cybersecurity, attackers continuously evolve their methods, moving beyond conventional password cracking and brute-force attacks to exploit the deeper weaknesses in authentication systems. Among the most serious threats to enterprise networks are Pass-the-Hash (PtH) and Pass-the-Ticket (PtT) attacks, which allow attackers to leverage stolen authentication material directly—whether in the form of hashed passwords or Kerberos tickets—without ever needing to obtain plaintext
Introduction Linux firewalls form the critical security perimeter of modern infrastructure, protecting servers, networks, and cloud environments from unauthorized access and malicious traffic. At the heart of this protection lies the Netfilter framework, a sophisticated kernel-level infrastructure that intercepts and processes network packets at strategic points in the networking stack. iptables, the user-space command-line utility, provides administrators with granular control over firewall policies, enabling the
Introduction NoSQL databases have transformed how modern applications store and manage data, offering unparalleled scalability, flexibility, and performance compared to traditional relational databases. MongoDB, CouchDB, Redis, Elasticsearch, and Cassandra have become foundational technologies in cloud-native and microservices architectures. However, this architectural flexibility introduces unique security challenges that many developers overlook. NoSQL injection has emerged as one of the most dangerous and frequently exploited vulnerabilities in contemporary
Introduction In the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, Red Team operations have become essential for organizations seeking to assess their defensive capabilities against sophisticated threats. At the heart of these operations lies the Command & Control (C2) infrastructure, a critical component that enables security professionals to simulate adversarial tactics, techniques, and procedures in controlled environments. The Python-C2-Server-for-Red-Teaming project represents an accessible, open-source solution designed specifically for authorized
Introduction In 2025, cybersecurity stands out as one of the fastest-growing and most in-demand career fields worldwide, with both public and private sectors investing heavily to bolster their digital defenses. Global reports estimate over 3.5 million unfilled cybersecurity positions this year alone, illustrating a massive talent gap that shows no signs of slowing down. As businesses and organizations deepen their
Introduction File and Hash Threat Intel is a beginner-friendly blue team challenge hosted on TryHackMe, designed to help SOC analysts and cybersecurity learners build practical skills in malware detection, hash analysis, and threat intelligence workflows. This room simulates real-world scenarios where attackers disguise malicious files using misleading names and extensions, requiring defenders to investigate using hash